Literature Review on Antibacterial Activity of Leaf, Fruit Peel, Seed Extracts of Arabica (Coffea arabica) and Robusta (Coffea canephora) Coffee Against Various Bacteria
Keywords:
antibacterial, arabica, coffee bean, coffee leaf, coffee peel, robusta
Abstract
Coffee is a plant containing secondary metabolite compounds with potent antibacterial activity in its leaves, seeds, and even fruit peel. This study aims to analyze the antibacterial activity of extracts from arabica (Coffea arabica) and robusta (Coffea canephora) coffee leaves, fruit peel, and seeds against various bacterial strains. The research was conducted using a literature review method, employing databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, and utilizing a combination of different keywords such as antibacterial, arabica coffee leaves, robusta coffee leaves, arabica coffee fruit peel, robusta coffee fruit peel, arabica coffee seeds, robusta coffee seeds, diffusion, and dilution. According to the findings of various studies, the coffee plant contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins, phenols, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid. Extracts of leaves, fruit peels, arabica coffee beans, and robusta coffee beans were obtained using maceration and heating extraction procedures such as soxhletation and steeping. These extracts were found to be effective at inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Robusta coffee leaf extract has the ability to suppress the growth of microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Arabica and robusta coffee fruit peel extracts have been shown to suppress the growth of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, and Escherichia coli. Arabica coffee bean extract has been shown to prevent the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecalis, whilst robusta coffee bean extract has been shown to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.References
Ajhar, N.M. & Meilani, D. (2020). Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Etanol Biji Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica) yang Tumbuh di Daerah Gayo dengan Metode DPPH. Pharma Xplore, 5(1), 34-40.
Almeida, A. A. P., Naghetini, C. C., Santos, V. R., Antonio, A. G., Farah, A., & Glória, M. B. A. (2012). Influence of natural coffee compounds, coffee extracts and increased levels of caffeine on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. Food Research International, 49 (1), 459–461.
Amalia, F.F. (2020). Aktivitas Antibakteri Kopi Robusta Dalam Mempercepat Kejadian Penyembuhan Luka Pada Ulkus Diabetikum. Healthy Tadulako Journal, 6(1), 1–6.
Breijyeh, Z., Jubeh, B., & Karaman, R. (2020). Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules, 25(6), 1340. doi:10.3390/molecules25061340
Carolia, N., & Noventi, W. (2016). Potensi Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) Sebagai Alternatif Terapi Acne vulgaris. Majority, 5(1), 140-145.
Dafale, N.A., Semwal, U.P., Rajput, R.K., & Singh, G.N. (2016). Selection of appropriate analytical tools to determine the potency and bioactivity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. J Pharm Anal, 6(4), 207-213. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2016.05.006
Dephinto, Y., & Muslim, Z. (2018). Perbandingan Efektivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun Kopi Robusta (Coffea Canephora) Dengan Variasi Pengeringan terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. UNES Journal of Scientech Research, 3(1), 76–80.
Dewi, M.K., Ratnasari, E., & Trimulyono, G. (2014). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Majapahit (Crescentia cujete) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum Penyebab Penyakit Layu. Jurnal Lentera Bio, 3(1), 51–57.
Farhadi, F., Khameneh, B., Iranshahi, M., & Iranshahy, M. (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoids and Their Structure-Activity Relationship: An Update Review. Phytother Res, 33(1), 13-40.
Harahap, M.R. (2018). Aktivitas Daya Hambat Limbah Daging Buah Kopi Robusta (Coffea robusta L.) Aceh terhadap Bakteri S.aureus dan E.coli. Jurnal Kesehatan, 9(1), 93.
Hidayah, N., Sulfahmi, Zairani, I., Yusuf, M. (2019). Combine Assurance Dalam Konteks Pengendalian. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, Manajeman , Dan Akutansi, 08(02), 32–37.
Hogg, S. (2005). Essential Microbiology. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kenconojati, H., Ulkhaq, M. F., Azhar, M. H., & Budi, D. S. (2019). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of different solvent extract from Coffea canephora leaves against Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus agalactiae. AACL Bioflux, 12(6), 2371–2377.
Khameneh, B., Iranshahy, M., Soheili, V., & Bazzaz, B.S.F. (2019). Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:118. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6
Khan, M.F., Hayee, A.U., Mubarak, M.S., & Rahman, N. (2017). Steroids: The natural compounds for antibacterial activities. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 96, 194-206.
Kuncoro, S., Sutiarso, L., Nugroho, J., & Masithoh, R.E. (2018). Kinetika Reaksi Penurunan Kafein dan Asam Klorogenat Biji Kopi Robusta melalui Pengukusan Sistem Tertutup. AgriTECH, 38(1), 105–111.
Kurniawan, Y., & Budaya, D.U. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehn) Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Instar III Activity Test Of 70% Etanol Extract Of Kopi Robusta Leaf (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehn) Against Aedes aegypti Mosqui. Indonesia Natural Research Pharmaceutical Journal, 3(1), 2502–8421.
Maliza, R., Aulah, J., & Aji, O. R. (2020). Antibacterial Activity of Coffee Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) Fruit Skin Methanol Extract On Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria. Bioscience, 4(2), 162-171.
Marsya, N.M., Haribudiman, O., & Yuwono, H.S. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Air Kopi Robusta (Coffea Canephora) terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan Dan Sains (JIKS), 3(1), 38–40.
Mukhtar, K. (2020). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Tebu Dalam Berbagai Metode Preparasi dan Konsentrasi Terhadap Bakteri Gram-Positif dan Gram-Negatif. Skripsi. Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Munira, M., Mastura, N., & Nasir, M. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Kulit Buah Kopi (Coffea arabica L.) Gayo Berdasarkan Tingkat Kematangan Terhadap Escherichia coli. Indonesian Journal For Health Sciences, 4(2), 84-90.
Muslim, Z. & Dephinto, Y. (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.) Leaves To Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12(12), 113–115.
Nada, F.A.Q., Rahayu, T., & Hayati, A. (2021). Analisis Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Biji Sangrai Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) Dari Tanaman Hasil Pemupukan Organik dan Anorganik. Sains Alami, 3, 31– 39.
Nayeem, N., Denny, G., & Mehta, S. K. (2011). Comparative phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of the leaves of Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 3(1), 292–297.
Nugroho, S.A., Suharjono, & Kusumaningtyas, R.N. (2021). Pemanfaatan limbah kulit kopi sebagai tepung roti untuk pemberdayaan ibu rumah tangga di Desa Kemuning Lor Kabupaten Jember. Sentrinov, 7(3), 39-49.
Paputungan, W.A., Lolo, W.A., & Siampa, J.P. (2019). Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Analisis KLT-Bioautografi dari Fraksi Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner). Pharmacon, 8(3), 516.
Parnomo, T. (2021). Effect of Arabica Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica) as a Growth Inhibitor of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(3), 89–96.
Paul, R.K., Dutta, D., Chakraborty, D., Nayak, A., Dutta, P.K., & Nag, M. (2019). Antimicrobial agents from natural sources: An overview. Advanced Pharmaceutical Journal, 4(2), 41-51.
Pratama, E. Y. (2015). Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun dan Buah Ginje (Thevetia peruviana) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albians Secara In Vitro. Skripsi.
Puspitasari, D. A. & Proyogo, L. S. (2017). Perbandingan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi Dan Sokletasi Terhadap Kadar Fenolik Total Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura). Jurnal Ilmiah Cendekia Eksakta, 1-8.
Rachmatiah, T., Syafriana, V., & Helma, F. (2020). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Akar Kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella typhi. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 19(3), 107-114.
Rawangkan, A., Siriphap, A., Yosboonruang, A., Kiddee, A., Pook-In, G., Saokaew, S., Sutheinkul, O., & Duangjai, A. (2022). Potential Antimicrobial Properties of Coffee Beans and Coffee By-Products Against Drug-Resistant Vibrio cholerae. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 8656-84.
Rini, A.A., Supriatno, & Rahmatan, H. (2017). Skrining Fitokimia Dan Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Buah Kawista (Limonia acidissima L.) Dari Daerah Kabupaten Aceh Besar Terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan Unsyiah, 2(1).
Salamah, U. (2019). Pengaruh Ketinggian Tempat terhadap Karakter Morfologi Vegetatif dan Kandungan Antioksidan Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner) Di Kawasan Pegunungan Muria Kabupaten Kudus. Skripsi, 1–214.
Sani, R. N., Nisa, F. C., Andriani, R. D., & Maligan, J. M. (2014). Analisis rendemen dan skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol mikroalga laut Tetraselmis chuii. Jurnal Pangan Dan Agroindustri, 2(2), 121–126.
Santos, R. X., Oliveira, D. A., Sodré, G. A., Gosmann, G., Brendel, M., & Pungartnik, C. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of fermented theobroma cacao pod husk extract. Genetics and Molecular Research, 13(3), 7725–7735.
Satyanarayana, V., & Jaya Kumari, S. (2017). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of selected four plants. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 11(1), S116–S123
Sholichah, E., Apriani, R., Desnilasari, D., & Karim, M.A. (2017). Produk Samping Kulit Kopi Arabika Dan Robusta Sebagai Sumber Polifenol Untuk Antioksidan Dan Antibakteri. Balai Besar Industri Hasil Perkebunan, 57–66.
Suryanto, E., & Wehantouw, F. (2009). Aktivitas Penangkap Radikal Bebas Dari Ekstrak Fenolik Daun Sukun (Artocarpus altilis F.). Chem. Prog, 2(1), 1–7.
Tanauma, H.A., Citraningtyas, G., & Lolo, W.A. (2016). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea Canephora) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia Coli. Pharmacon, 5(4), 243–251.
Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case, C. L. (2016). Microbiology: An Introduction. Pearson
Wenas, D.M., Aliya, L.S., & Janah, N.U. (2020). Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica L.) Pada Edema Tikus. Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, 31(2), 75-84.
Widyasari, P.A.M., Aman, I.G.M., & Mahendra, A.N. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228. Jurnal Medika Udayana, 10(6), 74–78.
Wijaya, W., Ridwan, R. D., & Budi, H. S. (2017). Antibacterial ability of arabica (Coffea arabica) and robusta (Coffea canephora) coffee extract on Lactobacillus acidophilus. Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi), 49(2), 99.
Yusmarini. (2011). Senyawa Polifenol pada Kopi : Pengaruh Pengolahan, Metabolisme dan Hubungannya dengan Kesehatan. Sagu, 10(2), 22–30.
Almeida, A. A. P., Naghetini, C. C., Santos, V. R., Antonio, A. G., Farah, A., & Glória, M. B. A. (2012). Influence of natural coffee compounds, coffee extracts and increased levels of caffeine on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. Food Research International, 49 (1), 459–461.
Amalia, F.F. (2020). Aktivitas Antibakteri Kopi Robusta Dalam Mempercepat Kejadian Penyembuhan Luka Pada Ulkus Diabetikum. Healthy Tadulako Journal, 6(1), 1–6.
Breijyeh, Z., Jubeh, B., & Karaman, R. (2020). Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules, 25(6), 1340. doi:10.3390/molecules25061340
Carolia, N., & Noventi, W. (2016). Potensi Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) Sebagai Alternatif Terapi Acne vulgaris. Majority, 5(1), 140-145.
Dafale, N.A., Semwal, U.P., Rajput, R.K., & Singh, G.N. (2016). Selection of appropriate analytical tools to determine the potency and bioactivity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. J Pharm Anal, 6(4), 207-213. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2016.05.006
Dephinto, Y., & Muslim, Z. (2018). Perbandingan Efektivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun Kopi Robusta (Coffea Canephora) Dengan Variasi Pengeringan terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. UNES Journal of Scientech Research, 3(1), 76–80.
Dewi, M.K., Ratnasari, E., & Trimulyono, G. (2014). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Majapahit (Crescentia cujete) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum Penyebab Penyakit Layu. Jurnal Lentera Bio, 3(1), 51–57.
Farhadi, F., Khameneh, B., Iranshahi, M., & Iranshahy, M. (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoids and Their Structure-Activity Relationship: An Update Review. Phytother Res, 33(1), 13-40.
Harahap, M.R. (2018). Aktivitas Daya Hambat Limbah Daging Buah Kopi Robusta (Coffea robusta L.) Aceh terhadap Bakteri S.aureus dan E.coli. Jurnal Kesehatan, 9(1), 93.
Hidayah, N., Sulfahmi, Zairani, I., Yusuf, M. (2019). Combine Assurance Dalam Konteks Pengendalian. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, Manajeman , Dan Akutansi, 08(02), 32–37.
Hogg, S. (2005). Essential Microbiology. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kenconojati, H., Ulkhaq, M. F., Azhar, M. H., & Budi, D. S. (2019). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of different solvent extract from Coffea canephora leaves against Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus agalactiae. AACL Bioflux, 12(6), 2371–2377.
Khameneh, B., Iranshahy, M., Soheili, V., & Bazzaz, B.S.F. (2019). Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:118. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6
Khan, M.F., Hayee, A.U., Mubarak, M.S., & Rahman, N. (2017). Steroids: The natural compounds for antibacterial activities. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 96, 194-206.
Kuncoro, S., Sutiarso, L., Nugroho, J., & Masithoh, R.E. (2018). Kinetika Reaksi Penurunan Kafein dan Asam Klorogenat Biji Kopi Robusta melalui Pengukusan Sistem Tertutup. AgriTECH, 38(1), 105–111.
Kurniawan, Y., & Budaya, D.U. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehn) Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Instar III Activity Test Of 70% Etanol Extract Of Kopi Robusta Leaf (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehn) Against Aedes aegypti Mosqui. Indonesia Natural Research Pharmaceutical Journal, 3(1), 2502–8421.
Maliza, R., Aulah, J., & Aji, O. R. (2020). Antibacterial Activity of Coffee Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) Fruit Skin Methanol Extract On Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria. Bioscience, 4(2), 162-171.
Marsya, N.M., Haribudiman, O., & Yuwono, H.S. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Air Kopi Robusta (Coffea Canephora) terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan Dan Sains (JIKS), 3(1), 38–40.
Mukhtar, K. (2020). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Tebu Dalam Berbagai Metode Preparasi dan Konsentrasi Terhadap Bakteri Gram-Positif dan Gram-Negatif. Skripsi. Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Munira, M., Mastura, N., & Nasir, M. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Kulit Buah Kopi (Coffea arabica L.) Gayo Berdasarkan Tingkat Kematangan Terhadap Escherichia coli. Indonesian Journal For Health Sciences, 4(2), 84-90.
Muslim, Z. & Dephinto, Y. (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.) Leaves To Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12(12), 113–115.
Nada, F.A.Q., Rahayu, T., & Hayati, A. (2021). Analisis Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Biji Sangrai Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) Dari Tanaman Hasil Pemupukan Organik dan Anorganik. Sains Alami, 3, 31– 39.
Nayeem, N., Denny, G., & Mehta, S. K. (2011). Comparative phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of the leaves of Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 3(1), 292–297.
Nugroho, S.A., Suharjono, & Kusumaningtyas, R.N. (2021). Pemanfaatan limbah kulit kopi sebagai tepung roti untuk pemberdayaan ibu rumah tangga di Desa Kemuning Lor Kabupaten Jember. Sentrinov, 7(3), 39-49.
Paputungan, W.A., Lolo, W.A., & Siampa, J.P. (2019). Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Analisis KLT-Bioautografi dari Fraksi Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner). Pharmacon, 8(3), 516.
Parnomo, T. (2021). Effect of Arabica Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica) as a Growth Inhibitor of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(3), 89–96.
Paul, R.K., Dutta, D., Chakraborty, D., Nayak, A., Dutta, P.K., & Nag, M. (2019). Antimicrobial agents from natural sources: An overview. Advanced Pharmaceutical Journal, 4(2), 41-51.
Pratama, E. Y. (2015). Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun dan Buah Ginje (Thevetia peruviana) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albians Secara In Vitro. Skripsi.
Puspitasari, D. A. & Proyogo, L. S. (2017). Perbandingan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi Dan Sokletasi Terhadap Kadar Fenolik Total Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura). Jurnal Ilmiah Cendekia Eksakta, 1-8.
Rachmatiah, T., Syafriana, V., & Helma, F. (2020). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Akar Kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella typhi. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 19(3), 107-114.
Rawangkan, A., Siriphap, A., Yosboonruang, A., Kiddee, A., Pook-In, G., Saokaew, S., Sutheinkul, O., & Duangjai, A. (2022). Potential Antimicrobial Properties of Coffee Beans and Coffee By-Products Against Drug-Resistant Vibrio cholerae. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 8656-84.
Rini, A.A., Supriatno, & Rahmatan, H. (2017). Skrining Fitokimia Dan Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Buah Kawista (Limonia acidissima L.) Dari Daerah Kabupaten Aceh Besar Terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan Unsyiah, 2(1).
Salamah, U. (2019). Pengaruh Ketinggian Tempat terhadap Karakter Morfologi Vegetatif dan Kandungan Antioksidan Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner) Di Kawasan Pegunungan Muria Kabupaten Kudus. Skripsi, 1–214.
Sani, R. N., Nisa, F. C., Andriani, R. D., & Maligan, J. M. (2014). Analisis rendemen dan skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol mikroalga laut Tetraselmis chuii. Jurnal Pangan Dan Agroindustri, 2(2), 121–126.
Santos, R. X., Oliveira, D. A., Sodré, G. A., Gosmann, G., Brendel, M., & Pungartnik, C. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of fermented theobroma cacao pod husk extract. Genetics and Molecular Research, 13(3), 7725–7735.
Satyanarayana, V., & Jaya Kumari, S. (2017). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of selected four plants. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 11(1), S116–S123
Sholichah, E., Apriani, R., Desnilasari, D., & Karim, M.A. (2017). Produk Samping Kulit Kopi Arabika Dan Robusta Sebagai Sumber Polifenol Untuk Antioksidan Dan Antibakteri. Balai Besar Industri Hasil Perkebunan, 57–66.
Suryanto, E., & Wehantouw, F. (2009). Aktivitas Penangkap Radikal Bebas Dari Ekstrak Fenolik Daun Sukun (Artocarpus altilis F.). Chem. Prog, 2(1), 1–7.
Tanauma, H.A., Citraningtyas, G., & Lolo, W.A. (2016). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea Canephora) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia Coli. Pharmacon, 5(4), 243–251.
Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case, C. L. (2016). Microbiology: An Introduction. Pearson
Wenas, D.M., Aliya, L.S., & Janah, N.U. (2020). Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica L.) Pada Edema Tikus. Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, 31(2), 75-84.
Widyasari, P.A.M., Aman, I.G.M., & Mahendra, A.N. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228. Jurnal Medika Udayana, 10(6), 74–78.
Wijaya, W., Ridwan, R. D., & Budi, H. S. (2017). Antibacterial ability of arabica (Coffea arabica) and robusta (Coffea canephora) coffee extract on Lactobacillus acidophilus. Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi), 49(2), 99.
Yusmarini. (2011). Senyawa Polifenol pada Kopi : Pengaruh Pengolahan, Metabolisme dan Hubungannya dengan Kesehatan. Sagu, 10(2), 22–30.
Published
2023-07-31
How to Cite
Febriani, A., Koriah, S., & Syafriana, V. (2023). Literature Review on Antibacterial Activity of Leaf, Fruit Peel, Seed Extracts of Arabica (Coffea arabica) and Robusta (Coffea canephora) Coffee Against Various Bacteria. Sainstech Farma: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 16(2), 94-102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37277/sfj.v16i2.1683
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Articles
